L(+)-Lactate is the major stereoisomer of lactate formed in human intermediary metabolism. The lactate to pyruvate ratio reflects the redox state of the cell and describes the balance between NAD+ and NADH, which is dependent on the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate via lactate dehydrogenase…

Cayman’s SOD Assay is a fast and reliable assay for the measurement of SOD activity from plasma, serum, tissue homogenates, and cell lysates. SOD activity is assessed by measuring the dismutation of superoxide radicals generated by xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine in a convenient 96-well…

Lipid peroxidation is a well-established mechanism of cellular injury in both plants and animals and is used as an indicator of oxidative stress in cells and tissues. Measurement of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), an aldehyde formed during the lipid peroxidation process, is one of several accepted…

Cayman’s Acid Phosphatase Assay provides a convenient method for detecting AP activity in plasma, serum, urine, and semen. The assay utilizes para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) as a chromogenic substrate for the enzyme. In the first step, AP dephosphorylates pNPP. In the second step, the…

Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. The bacterium’s pathogenicity results when a tripartite protein toxin is secreted into a host system causing tissue swelling and apoptosis. This toxin is a mixture of three protein components: protective antigen (PA), edema factor…

Angiotensin II is a primary reactive vasoconstrictor, the main stimulus for aldosterone release, and one of the causative factors of chronic hypertension. The active angiotensin II octapeptide is released via a tightly controlled series of prohormones and proteases. Normal human plasma angiotensin…

Oxidative stress in the cellular environment results in the formation of highly reactive and unstable lipid hydroperoxides. Decomposition of the unstable peroxides derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), which can be quantified colorimetrically…

Lipid peroxidation is a well-established mechanism of cellular injury in both plants and animals and is used as an indicator of oxidative stress in cells and tissues. Lipid peroxides, derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, are unstable and decompose to form a complex series of compounds, which…

CGRP is a 37 amino acid peptide synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous system from a calcitonin/CGRP gene complex. Two isoforms have been described which differ by three amino acids and display similar biological activities: CGRP-α, which is produced by alternative splicing of a…

Cayman’s Autophagy/Cytotoxicity Dual Staining provides a convenient tool for studying the regulation of autophagy and cytotoxicity at the cellular level. The kit employs MDC, an autofluorescent substance incorporated into multilamellar bodies by both an ion trapping mechanism and the…

One of the hallmarks of the early stages of apoptosis is the redistribution of membrane phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine from the inner to outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer where they are exposed on the cell surface. Externalization of phosphatidylserine…

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mediates many immune and inflammatory responses including activation and differentiation of monocytes and macrophages, expression of MHC class I and II, and expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. Cayman’s TNF-α (mouse) ELISA…

INDIGO's Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Reporter Cells include the luciferase reporter gene functionally linked to an AhR-responsive promoter. Thus, quantifying changes in luciferase expression in the treated reporter cells provides a sensitive surrogate measure of the changes in AhR activity.…

Convienient 96-well plate format Measure glutaredoxin activity in cell lysates and tissue homogenates using a fluorescent substrate Active human glutaredoxin 1 provided with kit

Corticosterone is a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), and is the precursor to aldosterone. The production of glucorcorticoids is increased by stress; therefore, corticosterone can be used as a biomarker of stress. Plasma corticosterone…

CAT is a ubiquitous antioxidant enzyme involved in the detoxification of H2O2, a toxic product of both normal aerobic metabolism and pathogenic ROS production. It catalyzes the conversion of two molecules of H2O2 to molecular oxygen and two molecules of water (catalytic activity). CAT also…

Reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide are generated by phagocytes and participate in damaging invading miccroorganisms or other biologic targets.{29448} Cayman's H2O2 Cell-Based Assay Kit provides a simple fluorometric method for the sensitive quantitation of…

Cayman's Cortisol Express ELISA is a competitive assay that permits the rapid measurement of cortisol from biological samples, requiring only a two hour incubation and one hour development times.

Insulin is a polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of 6 kDa, composed of two peptides chains, A and B, cross-linked by two disulfide bonds and synthesized by the b cells of the islets of Langherans of the pancreas. Insulin influences many metabolic functions of the body. Its best known action…

β-HB is a "ketone body" which is produced in the liver, mainly from the oxidation of fatty acids, and is exported to peripheral tissues for use as an energy source. Normally ketosis can indicate that lipid metabolism has been activated and the pathway of lipid degradation is intact.…

Cayman’s Cell Cycle Phase Determination provides an easy to use tool for studying the induction and inhibition of cell cycle progression in any cell suspension sample. The assay involves the fixation and permeabilization of the cells of interest, making possible the staining of DNA within…

Cayman’s MTT Proliferation Assay provides an easy to use tool for studying the induction and inhibition of cell proliferation in any in vitro model. This kit will also allow investigators to screen drug candidates involved in cell cycle regulation. In this assay, MTT is taken up by cells and…

Cayman’s 8-Isoprostane Affinity Sorbent provides a specific and convenient means for the purification of 8-isoprostane (8-iso PGF2α) from urine and plasma samples. Each vial contains 1 ml of affinity sorbent (mouse anti-8-isoprostane monoclonal antibody covalently bound to Sepharose 4).

Cayman’s Lipid Droplets Fluorescence Assay Kit can be used to study regulators of lipid droplet biogenesis. The main advantage of this assay is that the green fluorescence of Nile Red is both very sensitive and specific for lipid droplets. Furthermore, changes in lipid droplet biogenesis in…

Early screening of drug candidate’s potential to induce or inhibit CYP2C9 is a critical step in the drug development process. The CYP2C9 Induction Reporter Assay Kit is a novel method to evaluate CYP2C9 induction by drug candidates. Cayman's CYP2C9 Induction Reporter Assay Kit consists of…

Tris-glycine stock solution (10X) contains filtered Tris-base containing 1.9 M glycine.

Glucose is stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen which is hydrolyzed to glucose and released into the blood when needed. The rate of glucose uptake in cells is dynamic and tightly regulated by hormones and/or growth factors. Cancer cells exhibit increased glucose uptake and metabolism by…

Uric acid (urate) is the end product of human purine metabolism and is mainly excreted in urine. Many factors, including genetic components and acquired factors, such as obesity and alcohol consumption, influence serum uric acid concentrations. Hyperuricemia induces or facilitates gout, kidney…

Lipases perform essential roles in the digestion, transportation, and processing of dietary lipids by controlling the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from the circulation. Manipulating lipolysis has therapeutic potential in the metabolic disorders frequently associated with obesity.…

Cayman’s Antioxidant Assay measures the total antioxidant capacity of plasma, serum, urine, saliva, or cell lysates. The assay relies on the ability of antioxidants in the sample to inhibit the oxidation of ABTS (2,2'-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate]) to ABTS•+ by…

Estradiol is the major estrogen secreted by the premenopausal ovary. Estrogens direct the development of the female genotype in embryogenesis and at puberty. In addition, estradiol is an important luteolytic agent in humans. Plasma estradiol levels increase gradually between days 1-7 of the…

Catalase is an ubiquitous antioxidant enzyme that is present in most aerobic cells. It is involved in the detoxification of H2O2, a ROS that is a toxic product of both normal aerobic metabolism and pathogenic ROS production. Cayman’s Catalase Assay utilizes the peroxidatic function of…