N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylethylenediamin is a tertiary amine base. N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylethylenediamine is used to catalyze the formation of free radicals from ammonium persulfate or riboflavin. The free radicals will cause acrylamide and bis-acrylamide to polymerize to form a gel…

Potassium acetate is used as a buffer in molecular biology research, notably in the isolation of DNA. Potassium acetate may be utilized in the isolation of RNA intermediates and products from in vitro splicing reactions performed with HeLa cell nuclear extract. Potassium acetate has been used to…

Glycine is a non-essential amino acid. It is the only amino acid with no asymmetric carbon and thus is not chiral. It is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter. It is involved in the biosynthesis of the porphyrin rings of hemes and chlorophylls. Glycine is commonly used in buffer solutions, in…

PIPES is a zwitterionic N-substituted aminosulfonic acid "Good" buffer. PIPES is used to buffer glutaraldehyde fixative solutions when fixing plant and/or animal tissue samples. This will help prevent the loss of lipids. It is also used to buffer glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde when…

Yeast extract powder is a vacuum dried autolyzed yeast extract produced from 100% Baker's yeast. It is a concentrated source of soluble protein components, carbohydrates, and B Complex vitamins natural to yeast. Yeast extract is used as a bacteriological media component for a variety of…

Agarose is a linear polymer consisting of alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose units. Agarose is a purified linear galactan hydrocolloid isolated from agar or agar-bearing marinealgae. As a gelling agent, agarose is used: 1.) to separate nucleic acids electrophoretically because…

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a condensation polymer of ethylene oxide and water. Polyethylene Glycol has been used in the precipitation of proteins, as a fusing agent in enhancing the effect of macrophages on hybridoma, in the separation and purification of biomolecules and in induction of cell…

Ammonium persulfate is a strong oxidizing agent. It is a radical initiator. Ammonium persulfate is a polymerization catalyst used with TEMED for polyacrylamide gel formation. APS has also been utilized to study protein-protein interactions via photoinitiated crosslinking chemistry. Other…

Ribonuclease belongs to pancreatic ribonuclease family. RNase A is an endoribonuclease that attacks at the 3¢ phosphate of a pyrimidine nucleotide. The sequence of pG-pG-pC-pA-pG will be cleaved to give pG-pG-pCp and A-pG. Ribonuclease A is used to remove RNA from DNA plasmid preparations…

Guanidine hydrochloride consists of a network of guanidinium cations and chloride anions linked by N–H•••Cl hydrogen bonds, it is a strong chaotropic agent. Guanidine HCl may agglomerate upon storage. It may appear as a free-flowing crystalline powder, a free flowing powder…

Potassium chloride is a salt commonly used in the preparation of phosphate buffered saline and for the extraction and solubilization of proteins. It is a good potassium source. Also used in the hypotonic KCl-propidium iodide protocol for univariate analysis of metaphase chromosomes; dissociation of…

Ammonium acetate is a widely used reagent in molecular biology and chromatography. Its applications include the purification and precipitation of DNA and protein crystallization. It is commonly used in HPLC and MS analysis of various compounds, such as oligosaccharides, proteins and peptides.

Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a dipolar, aprotic solvent. It has been shown to accelerate strand renaturation (1-10% concentration) and is believed to give the nucleic acid thermal stability against depurination. Dimethyl Sulfoxide is used to enhance dermal absorption of many chemicals, as a solvent for…

n-Butanol is useful for the removal of ethidium bromide from DNA purified by CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation. It is also suitable for use in the concentration of dilute nucleic acid solutions by repeated extractions. Increased nucleic acid concentration improves recovery by ethanol precipitation.

Mineral Oil is a colorless, odorless mixture of alkanes from a mineral source. It is often used as an inert overlay to minimize evaporation in molecular biology applications, including PCR, but has many other applications in other research fields.

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a phase transfer catalyst ideal for the precipitation of DNA. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide is a bactericidal, cationic detergent. Its activity is neutralized by soaps and anionic detergents (i.e., SDS). Trimethylammonium bromide compounds form insoluble…

Triton® X-100 is a alkylaryl polyether alcohol. It is a nonionic surfactant prepared by the reaction of octylphenol with ethylene oxide. The number ("-100") relates only indirectly to the number of ethylene oxide units in the structure. Triton X-100 is a non-ionic surfactant and…

BRIJ 35 is a non-ionic detergent. BRIJ 35 is useful for the extraction of membrane proteins. For use in Stein-Moore Chromatography and all molecular biology applications. Typically used in the range of 0.1-1%.

Glycerol is a simple polyol compound which is a viscous liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. It has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. It is a trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and…

MES is a zwitterionic buffer. One of the "Good" buffers developed for biological applications. It has the advantages of maximum water solubility and minimum solubility in all other solvents, minimal salt effects, minimal change in pK with temperature, chemically and enzymatically stable,…

Sodium chloride is a commonly used chemical which is found widely in nature. It is considered to be an essential nutrient. Excess amounts of sodium chloride can destroy electrolyte balance and cause death in most animals, including humans. Sodium chloride is used in a wide variety of biochemical…

Tris has been useful as buffers in a wide variety of biological systems. Uses include pH control in vitro and in vivo for body fluids and in buffering systems for electrophoresis applications. Tris has been used as a starting material for polymers, oxazolones (with carboxylic acids) and…

Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. Sucrose can be used to prepare density gradients for cell/organelle separation. It is used as a supplement in plant, insect, and bacterial culture media. It can also be used in various enzymatic assays.

MOPS is a zwitterionic amino acid which acts as one of the "Good" buffers. It is a structural analog to MES. However, MOPS is a more suitable biological buffer than MES because the pH range is closer to pH 7.4.

Isopropyl alcohol is widely used in chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology. Industrial applications include its use in antifreezes, quick-drying oils, and quick-drying inks, and as a solvent for gums, shellac, and essential oils. Isopropyl alcohol has been utilized as a solvent in the…

Magnesium sulfate is a common pharmaceutical preparation of magnesium, commonly known as Epsom salts. Magnesium sulfate is the main preparation of intravenous magnesium. Magnesium has a variety of biological roles in enzymology, cell membrane and wall structural integrity, muscle cell…

Acrylamide is prepared on an industrial scale by the hydrolysis of acrylonitrile by nitrile hydratase. Acrylamide is a monomer used in a variety of synthetic processes to form polymers and copolymers. It polymerizes in the presence of free radicals in aqueous solutions. It is usually used to…

Proteinase K is a highly active stable endopeptidase with a broad spectrum of action was isolated by E. Merk's Darmstadt Biochemical Research Department in 1970 from a culture filtrate of the fungus, Tritirachium album Limber. This fungus is able to grow on Keratin (e.g., wool, horn particles)…

Lysozyme (muramidase) hydrolyzes preferentially the b-1,4 glucosidic linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine which occur in the mucopeptide cell wall structure of certain microorganisms, such as Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Lysozyme has been used for lysing E. coli and…

HEPES is a zwitterionic organic chemical buffering agent. HEPES is widely used in many biochemical reactions and as a buffering agent in some cell culture media.

p-Nitro Blue Tetrazolium Chloride is an NADPH-diaphorase substrate that competitively inhibits NOS (nitric oxide synthase) (IC50 = 3-4 μM). In combination with 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP) and an appropriate reaction buffer, Nitroblue tetrazolium forms a substrate for the…